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The Three Marias: New Portuguese LettersMaria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa · 1975
Book· Novas Cartas Portuguesas
Written jointly by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, taking the letters of Mariana Alcoforado as a starting point, it deals with the condition of women, repression and censorship. Published in 1972 by Estúdios Cor, whose literary director was Natália Correia, it was seized after three days and took its authors to court; the trial opened behind closed doors at the Boa-Hora and ended after 25 April.⁴⁵
- Also in French: Nouvelles lettres portugaises, 1974
- Also in Spanish: Nuevas cartas portuguesas, 1976
In the app: Boa-Hora Court, Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa, Natália Correia
Where to find it
A People's History of the Portuguese RevolutionRaquel Varela · 2019
Book· História do Povo na Revolução Portuguesa 1974-75
The revolution of 1974–75 seen from the workers’, residents’ and soldiers’ committees. The historian Raquel Varela concludes that more than a third of the population was involved “directly and actively in the life of the country” in those two years; the book has a detailed chronology.²²²³
- Also in French: Un peuple en révolution : Portugal, 1974-1975, 2018
Where to find it
Lisbon rising: Urban social movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–75Pedro Ramos Pinto · 2013
Book
Lisbon’s urban social movement during the revolution of 1974–75 — the broadest in post-war Europe, according to the publisher — studied through the documents of the organisations themselves. It came out in English in 2013 and in Portuguese, from Tinta-da-China, in 2025.²⁶²⁷²⁸
- Also in Portuguese: A Cidade e a Revolução: Lutas Urbanas em Lisboa, 1974-1975, 2025
Where to find it
The Making of Portuguese DemocracyKenneth Maxwell · 1995
Book
Kenneth Maxwell’s study of the Portuguese democracy born of 25 April 1974, published by Cambridge University Press in 1995; Presença published it in Portuguese in 1999.³²³³
- Also in Portuguese: A Construção da Democracia em Portugal, 1999
Where to find it
The Murmuring CoastLídia Jorge · 1995
Book· A Costa dos Murmúrios
A novel set in Mozambique at the time of the colonial war: in a hotel on the coast, the officers’ wives wait for their husbands, and Evita wonders how the war has changed hers. The author lived through the war in Angola and Mozambique from 1970.³⁶³⁷ Margarida Cardoso brought it to the screen in 2004.³⁸
- Also in French: Le rivage des murmures, 1989
- Also in Spanish: La costa de los murmullos, 1989
Where to find it
The ReturnDulce Maria Cardoso · 2016
Book· O Retorno
A novel. In Luanda, in 1975, fifteen-year-old Rui tells of his family’s departure for Portugal, days before Angola’s independence, and of their new life in a metropole he knew only from stories and photographs.⁴²⁴³⁴⁴
- Also in French: Le retour, 2013
- Also in Spanish: El retorno, 2018
Where to find it
April CaptainsMaria de Medeiros · 2004
Film· Capitães de Abril
A fiction film about the night of 24 to 25 April 1974: in a barracks in Santarém, soldiers of the officers’ movement gather volunteers and set off for Lisbon, led by Captain Salgueiro Maia; at the same time, the story of a couple, Antónia and Manuel. It opened in Portugal on 21 April 2000.⁴⁹
- Also in French: Capitaines d'avril, 2001
- Also in Spanish: Capitanes de abril, 2001
In the app: Salgueiro Maia
Where to find it

Books

As Mulheres do Meu PaísMaria Lamas · 1948–1950
Book
A great work of reportage by Maria Lamas on the lives of the country’s working women — peasant women, women of the sea, factory workers, domésticas, employees —, with photographs she took herself from north to south. It came out in instalments between May 1948 and April 1950, in response to the dissolution of the National Council of Portuguese Women.¹² Caminho republished it in facsimile in 2002.³
In the app: Maria Lamas
Where to find it
The Three Marias: New Portuguese LettersMaria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa · 1975
Book· Novas Cartas Portuguesas
Written jointly by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, taking the letters of Mariana Alcoforado as a starting point, it deals with the condition of women, repression and censorship. Published in 1972 by Estúdios Cor, whose literary director was Natália Correia, it was seized after three days and took its authors to court; the trial opened behind closed doors at the Boa-Hora and ended after 25 April.⁴⁵
- Also in French: Nouvelles lettres portugaises, 1974
- Also in Spanish: Nuevas cartas portuguesas, 1976
In the app: Boa-Hora Court, Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa, Natália Correia
Where to find it
A Força Ignorada das CompanheirasGina de Freitas · 1975
Book
A book by Gina de Freitas published by Plátano in 1975, in the “Combates” (Struggles) series.¹⁰ Memória Comum cites it in its biography of Albina Fernandes: the account of how she kept her two small children with her in Caxias comes from it, and so does Cecília Areosa Feio’s testimony about her.¹¹
In the app: Caxias Fort — the political prison, Albina Fernandes
Where to find it
Mulheres Portuguesas na ResistênciaRose Nery Nobre de Melo · 1975
Book
A book by Rose Nery Nobre de Melo published by Seara Nova in 1975.¹² Memória Comum quotes from it a testimony by Sofia Ferreira, collected by the author, about the crises Albina Fernandes suffered in prison and the lack of care from the PIDE doctor.¹¹
In the app: Sofia Ferreira, Albina Fernandes
Where to find it
Salazar e o Poder: A Arte de Saber DurarFernando Rosas · 2012
Book
An essay by the historian Fernando Rosas on the longevity of the Estado Novo (“New State”): how Salazar lasted in power, through propaganda that reached every home, school and workplace, the support of the Church, control of the Armed Forces and the violence of the political police. Published by Tinta-da-China in 2012.¹³¹⁴
In the app: António de Oliveira Salazar
Where to find it
A História da PIDEIrene Flunser Pimentel · 2007
Book
The history of the political police of the Estado Novo (“New State”), by Irene Flunser Pimentel.¹⁵ A year earlier, the historian had defended at NOVA University Lisbon a doctoral thesis, in five volumes, on the PIDE and the DGS between 1945 and 1974.¹⁶
Where to find it
A Cada Um o Seu Lugar: A Política Feminina do Estado NovoIrene Flunser Pimentel · 2011
Book
A study of the policy of the Estado Novo (“New State”) towards women, between 1933 and 1975, which grew out of the master’s thesis Irene Flunser Pimentel presented in 1997 at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of NOVA University Lisbon.¹⁷
Where to find it
Mulheres da ClandestinidadeVanessa de Almeida · 2017
Book
Life stories of women who, under the Estado Novo (“New State”), left their homes, their families, their home towns and even their own names to go underground and fight the regime, collected by Vanessa de Almeida.¹⁸¹⁹
Where to find it
25 de Abril: Mitos de uma RevoluçãoMaria Inácia Rezola · 2007
Book
The transition to democracy told for non-specialists. Maria Inácia Rezola draws on her research into the role of the military, on the documents of the Council of the Revolution and on interviews with military men to revisit some of the myths of the revolution.²⁰²¹
Where to find it
A People's History of the Portuguese RevolutionRaquel Varela · 2019
Book· História do Povo na Revolução Portuguesa 1974-75
The revolution of 1974–75 seen from the workers’, residents’ and soldiers’ committees. The historian Raquel Varela concludes that more than a third of the population was involved “directly and actively in the life of the country” in those two years; the book has a detailed chronology.²²²³
- Also in French: Un peuple en révolution : Portugal, 1974-1975, 2018
Where to find it
Lisbon rising: Urban social movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–75Pedro Ramos Pinto · 2013
Book
Lisbon’s urban social movement during the revolution of 1974–75 — the broadest in post-war Europe, according to the publisher — studied through the documents of the organisations themselves. It came out in English in 2013 and in Portuguese, from Tinta-da-China, in 2025.²⁶²⁷²⁸
- Also in Portuguese: A Cidade e a Revolução: Lutas Urbanas em Lisboa, 1974-1975, 2025
Where to find it
C’est le peuple qui commande : la Révolution des Œillets, 1974-1976Victor Pereira · 2023
Book· In French
An up-to-date overview of the Portuguese revolutionary process by the historian Victor Pereira: the dynamics of the revolution, the clashes between parties and the military, diplomatic concerns, the social movements and the independence of the former colonies.²⁹³⁰
- Also in Portuguese: O Povo é quem + ordena: a Revolução dos Cravos 1974-1976, 2026
Where to find it
The Making of Portuguese DemocracyKenneth Maxwell · 1995
Book
Kenneth Maxwell’s study of the Portuguese democracy born of 25 April 1974, published by Cambridge University Press in 1995; Presença published it in Portuguese in 1999.³²³³
- Also in Portuguese: A Construção da Democracia em Portugal, 1999
Where to find it
África no Feminino: As Mulheres Portuguesas e a Guerra ColonialMargarida Calafate Ribeiro · 2007
Book
The colonial war (1961–1974) as seen by the Portuguese women who went with their husbands to the three fronts: a study by Margarida Calafate Ribeiro of the presence of these women in Africa, with the testimonies she collected.³⁴³⁵
Where to find it
The Murmuring CoastLídia Jorge · 1995
Book· A Costa dos Murmúrios
A novel set in Mozambique at the time of the colonial war: in a hotel on the coast, the officers’ wives wait for their husbands, and Evita wonders how the war has changed hers. The author lived through the war in Angola and Mozambique from 1970.³⁶³⁷ Margarida Cardoso brought it to the screen in 2004.³⁸
- Also in French: Le rivage des murmures, 1989
- Also in Spanish: La costa de los murmullos, 1989
Where to find it
The ReturnDulce Maria Cardoso · 2016
Book· O Retorno
A novel. In Luanda, in 1975, fifteen-year-old Rui tells of his family’s departure for Portugal, days before Angola’s independence, and of their new life in a metropole he knew only from stories and photographs.⁴²⁴³⁴⁴
- Also in French: Le retour, 2013
- Also in Spanish: El retorno, 2018
Where to find it

Films and documentaries

As Armas e o PovoColectivo dos Trabalhadores da Actividade Cinematográfica · 1975
Documentary
A collective film, with footage shot by amateurs and professionals — among them the Brazilian Glauber Rocha — from 25 April to May Day (1 May) 1974: the taking of the Carmo Barracks, the release of the prisoners from Caxias, the rally at the Estádio 1.º de Maio (May Day Stadium) with Mário Soares and Álvaro Cunhal. It had no commercial release; it was first shown in 1977, at the Santarém Film Festival.⁴⁷
In the app: Largo do Carmo and the Carmo Barracks, Caxias Fort — the political prison, FNAT Stadium (renamed Estádio 1.º de Maio), Mário Soares, Álvaro Cunhal
Where to find it
April CaptainsMaria de Medeiros · 2004
Film· Capitães de Abril
A fiction film about the night of 24 to 25 April 1974: in a barracks in Santarém, soldiers of the officers’ movement gather volunteers and set off for Lisbon, led by Captain Salgueiro Maia; at the same time, the story of a couple, Antónia and Manuel. It opened in Portugal on 21 April 2000.⁴⁹
- Also in French: Capitaines d'avril, 2001
- Also in Spanish: Capitanes de abril, 2001
In the app: Salgueiro Maia
Where to find it
A Costa dos MurmúriosMargarida Cardoso · 2004
Film
During the war for the independence of Mozambique, Evita arrives in a city in the country to marry Luís, a mathematics student who has been called up, and realises that the war has changed him. An adaptation of Lídia Jorge’s novel, it premiered at the Venice Film Festival and reached Portuguese cinemas on 25 November 2004.³⁸
Where to find it
Cartas a uma DitaduraInês de Medeiros · 2006
Documentary
In 1958, the year in which Humberto Delgado stood against Américo Tomás, Salazar’s candidate, in the presidential election, women wrote letters in response to an appeal by the “National Movement of Portuguese Women” (Movimento Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas). Inês de Medeiros starts from these letters, found at a second-hand bookseller’s, and interviews some of their authors in 2006; the historical consultant was Irene Flunser Pimentel.⁵³
In the app: Humberto Delgado
Where to find it
48Susana de Sousa Dias · 2009
Documentary
Faces of political prisoners in the PIDE/DGS mugshots and, over them, their voices recalling prison, torture and resistance — among them those of Conceição Matos, Sofia Ferreira, Maria Antónia Fiadeiro, Maria Lourença Cabecinha and Domingos Abrantes. Shown at Doclisboa 2009, it opened in cinemas on 21 April 2011.⁵⁴⁵⁵
In the app: Conceição Matos, Sofia Ferreira, Maria Antónia Fiadeiro, Maria Lourença Cabecinha, Domingos Abrantes
Notes on the sources1
- The year: the production company (Kintop) and the Cinemateca give 2009, the year the film was shown at Doclisboa; the National Cinema Plan catalogue gives 2010; the cinema release was in 2011. This entry uses 2009.
Do you know more, or do you have a document? Tell us.
Where to find it
Linha VermelhaJosé Filipe Costa · 2011
Documentary
In 1975, the German Thomas Harlan filmed Torre Bela, about the occupation of a large estate in the Ribatejo. Thirty-six years later, José Filipe Costa meets the protagonists and the crew again and asks what the camera changed in the events and in the memory that remains of them.⁵⁷
Where to find it
A GuerraJoaquim Furtado · 2007
Documentary
A documentary series by Joaquim Furtado on the thirteen years of war in the former colonies, first broadcast on RTP1 in 2007: eight years of research, more than six thousand films viewed and some two hundred interviews with protagonists from the various sides. The complete series has 42 episodes.⁵⁸⁵⁹
In the app: Joaquim Furtado
Notes on the sources1
- The year of the last episodes: the RTP Play page that brings together the last series of episodes gives “Ano: 2012” (Year: 2012); when the broadcasts ended is still to be confirmed.
Do you know more, or do you have a document? Tell us.
Where to find it
Os Últimos Dias da PIDEJacinto Godinho · 2014
Documentary
A two-part documentary, made for the 40th anniversary of 25 April, on the fall of the political police: the siege of the PIDE/DGS headquarters and the shooting there, on Rua António Maria Cardoso, where people were killed and wounded.⁶⁰
In the app: PVDE / PIDE / DGS headquarters
Where to find it
Luz ObscuraSusana de Sousa Dias · 2017
Documentary
Starting from photographs from the political police (1926–1974), Susana de Sousa Dias seeks to show how an authoritarian system enters the intimacy of a family: what family network lies hidden behind a single political prisoner.⁶¹
Notes on the sources1
- The year: the production company (Kintop) gives 2017 and lists festivals from that year on; the RTP listing gives 2010. This entry uses 2017.
Do you know more, or do you have a document? Tell us.
Where to find it
Mulheres na ResistênciaEdgar Feldman, Paulo Guerra · 2020
Documentary
A documentary miniseries in four episodes about four women who played a prominent role in the resistance to fascism: Stella Piteira Santos, Aida Magro, Eugénia Varela Gomes and Glória Marreiros.⁶³
In the app: Stella Piteira Santos, Aida Magro
Where to find it
12 de Outubro de 1972: O Dia em que Perdemos o MedoDiana Andringa · 2022
Documentary
On 12 October 1972, at a students’ meeting at the ISCEF, a PIDE/DGS agent fired at two students; José António Ribeiro Santos died in hospital. Diana Andringa tells, with the testimonies of those who lived through those days, what the murder changed in the university and in her generation: “that day we lost our fear” (nesse dia perdemos o medo).⁶⁴
In the app: ISCEF, in the Quelhas, José António Ribeiro Santos, Diana Andringa
Where to find it
Exílios no FemininoEdgar Feldman, Paulo Guerra · 2022
Documentary
Seven women of different generations tell of their exiles, from the end of the 1950s to 25 April, in protest against the Estado Novo (“New State”) and the colonial war — among them Helena Cabeçadas and the historian Irene Flunser Pimentel.⁶⁵
In the app: Helena Cabeçadas
Where to find it

Museums and places of memory

Museu do Aljube – Resistência e LiberdadeEGEAC · 2015
Museum
A museum created in 2015 in the building of the Aljube, which was a political prison from 1928 to 1965, and devoted to the memory of the fight against the dictatorship and of the resistance for freedom and democracy. The exhibition covers life underground, the political police, the prisons and the “curros” (isolation cells), and the anti-colonial struggle; there is a documentation centre.⁶⁶⁶⁷
In the app: Aljube Prison
Where to find it
Museu Nacional Resistência e Liberdade2024
Museum
In Peniche Fortress, the national museum opened on 27 April 2024, fifty years after the release of the political prisoners. Its mission is to research, preserve and communicate the memory of the resistance to the regime, drawing on the testimonies of those who fought for freedom and democracy.⁶⁸⁶⁹
In the app: Peniche Fortress — the political prison
Where to find it
Núcleo Museológico do Posto de Comando do Movimento das Forças ArmadasMunicípio de Odivelas e Regimento de Engenharia n.º 1 · 2001
Museum
It is in the Pontinha Barracks, where, from 24 to 26 April 1974, the officers who commanded the operations of the revolution were gathered. The museum centre opened in 2001 and reopened on 25 April 2025, after a year of works; visits are guided and must be booked in advance.⁷⁰
In the app: MFA Command Post – Engineering Regiment No. 1 (Pontinha Barracks)
Where to find it
Museu da Guarda Nacional RepublicanaGuarda Nacional Republicana · 2015
Museum
In the Carmo Barracks, where, in the words of the GNR, on 25 April 1974 “the long period of 48 years of authoritarianism came to an end”, the Guard’s museum has been open to the public since May 2015. The surrender room can only be visited with permission, requested when booking the guided tour.⁷¹
In the app: Largo do Carmo and the Carmo Barracks
Where to find it
Museu do Campo de Concentração do Tarrafal (Museu da Resistência)Instituto do Património Cultural de Cabo Verde · 2000
Museum
It is in the former Tarrafal camp, in Chão Bom, on the island of Santiago (Cape Verde). The prison, built in 1936, held Portuguese anti-fascist prisoners from 1936 to 1956 and anti-colonialist prisoners from 1962 to 1974. The museum opened in December 2000, and the visitor route now covers the whole camp.⁷²
In the app: Tarrafal Concentration Camp (Cape Verde)
Where to find it
Museu do Neo-RealismoCâmara Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira · 1990
Museum
In Vila Franca de Xira, it grew in 1990 out of a documentation centre on Portuguese neo-realism, and it holds literary and publishing estates, archives, works of art and writers’ libraries.⁷³ According to the Commemorative Commission for the 50th Anniversary of 25 April, neo-realism played “a decisive role as an artistic expression in the political struggle of opposition to the Dictatorship”.¹
Where to find it

Archives online

Casa ComumFundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso
Archive
A platform of the Mário Soares and Maria Barroso Foundation for consulting documents from personal, family, institutional and thematic archives, including those of countries and organisations of the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries): a space for memory and for research on contemporary history.⁷⁴
In the app: Mário Soares, Maria Barroso
Where to find it
RTP ArquivosRTP
Archive
It gives public access, online, to the archives of public radio and television, which, according to RTP, go back to the start of the regular broadcasts of radio, in 1936, and of television, in 1957: videos, sounds, photographs and texts, with collections on themes and personalities.⁷⁵
Notes on the sources1
- When the regular broadcasts of public radio began: in 1936, according to the “Sobre o Arquivo” (About the Archive) page of RTP Arquivos, which this entry follows; the RTP Virtual Museum says that the Emissora Nacional’s official broadcasts began on 1 August 1935 and that the recording of broadcasts was introduced in 1936.
Do you know more, or do you have a document? Tell us.
Where to find it
Centro de Documentação 25 de AbrilUniversidade de Coimbra
Archive
Set up by the University of Coimbra in 1984 and now housed in the Colégio da Graça, it collects documentation on 25 April, on what prepared it and on what came out of it, and on the political opposition from 1958 to 1974, and makes it available for research; it has a digital archive and library. It also keeps the originals of the texts of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo.⁷⁷⁷⁸
In the app: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
Where to find it
Arquivo da PIDE/DGS (Torre do Tombo)Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo
Archive
The archives of the political police are in the Torre do Tombo National Archive: kept in the South Redoubt of Caxias Fort until 1991, they reached the Torre do Tombo in 1992 and were opened to public consultation in 1994; they can be searched in the Digitarq database.⁷⁹ They are a unique source for studying surveillance and repression, in the colonies too.⁸⁰
In the app: Caxias Fort — the political prison
Where to find it
Memória Comum
Archive
A platform created in 2019 by the citizens’ initiative that proposed a Memorial to Political Prisoners and the Politically Persecuted in Lisbon: biographies of political prisoners and of the politically persecuted, and dossiers on Tarrafal and Amílcar Cabral.⁸¹
In the app: Tarrafal Concentration Camp (Cape Verde), Amílcar Cabral
Where to find it
Arquivo Maria de Lourdes PintasilgoFundação Cuidar o Futuro
Archive
The historical archive of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (1930–2004), put online by the Cuidar o Futuro Foundation: the documents she received, produced and gathered throughout her life, a source for contemporary history between 1950 and 2004, with a dossier on the inscription of women in public space.⁸²
In the app: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
Where to find it
Arquivo de História SocialInstituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa
Archive
Founded in 1979 as the Historical Archive of the Working Classes (Arquivo Histórico das Classes Trabalhadoras), to keep the documents of the workers’ and trade union movement, it now holds sources on anarchism, corporatism, feminism, the student movement, the African nationalist movements, colonialism and the revolutionary process from 1974 to 1982.⁸³
Where to find it
Hemeroteca DigitalHemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa
Archive
Newspapers digitised by the Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa (Lisbon Municipal Newspaper Library), freely accessible — such as the pages of the Diário de Lisboa on the closed-door trial of the Novas Cartas Portuguesas (The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters), in October 1973, and on the acquittal of the authors, in May 1974.⁵⁸⁴
Notes on the sources1
- The presentation of the Hemeroteca Digital (the website and its “About” page) did not open when consulted on 3 October 2026, because of an anti-robot check: the description relies only on the documents the platform serves.
Do you know more, or do you have a document? Tell us.
Where to find it

Sources88

1As Mulheres do Meu País, de Maria Lamas. Comissão Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril — consulted on 2 October 2026
2As mulheres do meu país / Maria Lamas (Lisboa: Actuális, 1948) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
3As mulheres do meu país / Maria Lamas; coord. José António Flores (Lisboa: Caminho, 2002; fac-símile da edição de 1948) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
4Processo “Novas Cartas Portuguesas”. Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC) — consulted on 2 October 2026
5«Novas Cartas Portuguesas» – Julgamento secreto (Diário de Lisboa, 25/10/1973). Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia — consulted on 2 October 2026
6Novas cartas portuguesas / Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa ([S.l.]: Estúdios Cor, 1972) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
7Nouvelles lettres portugaises / Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa; trad. Vera Alves da Nóbrega, Evelyne Le Garrec, Monique Wittig (Paris: Seuil, 1974) — notice bibliographique. Bibliothèque nationale de France (catalogue général) — consulted on 3 October 2026
8The three Marias: new portuguese letters / Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa; transl. Helen R. Lane (New York: Doubleday, 1975) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
9Nuevas cartas portuguesas / María Isabel Barreno, María Teresa Horta, María Velho da Costa; trad. Eduardo Butragueño, Esther Donato y Pedro González-Blanco (Barcelona: Grijalbo, [1976]) — registro bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de España (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
10A força ignorada das companheiras / Gina de Freitas (Lisboa: Plátano, 1975) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
11Albina Fernandes. Memória Comum – Memorial aos Presos e Perseguidos Políticos — consulted on 2 October 2026
12Mulheres portuguesas na resistência / Rose Nery Nobre de Melo (Lisboa: Seara Nova, 1975) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
13Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses, Salazar e o poder: A arte de saber durar (recensão). Análise Social, n.º 208 (Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa), via SciELO Portugal, 2013 — consulted on 3 October 2026
14Salazar e o poder: a arte de saber durar / Fernando Rosas (Lisboa: Tinta-da-China, 2012) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
15A história da PIDE / Irene Flunser Pimentel (Temas e Debates; Círculo de Leitores, 2007) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
16A polícia internacional de defesa do Estado: Direcção Geral de Segurança (PIDE-DGS) 1945-1974: história da polícia política do Estado Novo / Irene Flunser Pimentel (tese de doutoramento, FCSH-UNL, 2006) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
17A cada um o seu lugar: a política feminina do Estado Novo / Irene Flunser Pimentel (Temas e Debates; Círculo de Leitores, 2011) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
18Mulheres da Clandestinidade (Vanessa de Almeida). Clube do Autor (chancela Parsifal) — consulted on 3 October 2026
19Mulheres da clandestinidade / Vanessa de Almeida (Lisboa: Parsifal, 2017) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
20Marco Lisi, Maria Inácia Rezola, 25 de Abril. Mitos de uma Revolução (recensão). Análise Social, n.º 201 (Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa), via SciELO Portugal, 2011 — consulted on 3 October 2026
2125 de Abril: mitos de uma revolução / Maria Inácia Rezola (Lisboa: A Esfera dos Livros, 2007) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
22Livro de Raquel Varela propõe mudanças na cronologia da revolução. RTP Notícias (Lusa), 2014 — consulted on 3 October 2026
23História do povo na revolução portuguesa, 1974-75 / Raquel Varela (Lisboa: Bertrand, 2014) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
24Un peuple en révolution: Portugal, 1974-1975 / Raquel Varela; trad. Hélène Melo (Marseille: Agone, 2018) — notice bibliographique. Bibliothèque nationale de France (catalogue général) — consulted on 3 October 2026
25A people's history of the Portuguese revolution / Raquel Varela; ed. Peter Robinson; transl. Sean Purdy (London: Pluto Press, 2019) — notice bibliographique. Bibliothèque nationale de France (catalogue général) — consulted on 3 October 2026
26Lisbon rising: Urban social movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–75 (resumo do editor). Manchester University Press, via Project MUSE — consulted on 3 October 2026
27Lisbon rising: urban social movements in the portuguese revolution, 1974-75 / Pedro Ramos Pinto (Manchester University Press, 2013) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
28A cidade e a revolução: lutas urbanas em Lisboa, 1974-1975 / Pedro Ramos Pinto; trad. Gonçalo Puga (Lisboa: Tinta-da-China, 2025) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
29C’est le peuple qui commande. La Révolution des Œillets: 1974-1976. Éditions du Détour — consulted on 3 October 2026
30C'est le peuple qui commande: la révolution des Oeillets, 1974-1976 / Victor Pereira (Bordeaux: Éditions du Détour, 2023) — notice bibliographique. Bibliothèque nationale de France (catalogue général) — consulted on 3 October 2026
31O Povo é quem + ordena: a Revolução dos Cravos 1974-1976 / Victor Pereira; trad. Pedro Cerejo (Fora de Jogo, 2026) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
32The making of portuguese democracy / Kenneth Maxwell (Cambridge University Press, 1995) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
33A construção da democracia em Portugal / Kenneth Maxwell; trad. Carlos Leone (Lisboa: Presença, 1999) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
34África no Feminino (Margarida Calafate Ribeiro). Edições Afrontamento — consulted on 3 October 2026
35África no feminino: as mulheres portuguesas e a guerra colonial / Margarida Calafate Ribeiro (Porto: Afrontamento, 2007) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
36Le Rivage des murmures (Lidia Jorge). Éditions Métailié — consulted on 3 October 2026
37A costa dos murmúrios: romance / Lídia Jorge (Lisboa: Dom Quixote, 1988) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
38Maria do Carmo Piçarra, Dossiê pedagógico n.º 17: A Costa dos Murmúrios (Margarida Cardoso). Plano Nacional de Cinema (Cinemateca Portuguesa, ICA, Direção-Geral da Educação) — consulted on 3 October 2026
39Le rivage des murmures / Lídia Jorge; trad. Geneviève Leibrich (Paris: A.M. Métailié, 1989) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
40La costa de los murmullos / Lídia Jorge; traducción de Eduardo Naval (Madrid: Alfaguara, D.L. 1989) — registro bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de España (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
41The murmuring coast / Lídia Jorge; Natália Costa, Ronald W. Sousa (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995) — registo bibliográfico e exemplar digitalizado. Internet Archive (exemplar da Boston Public Library; registo da Princeton University Library) — consulted on 4 October 2026A tradução inglesa de «A Costa dos Murmúrios», de Natália Costa e Ronald W. Sousa, publicada pela University of Minnesota Press em 1995 (LCCN 94011473).
42El retorno (Dulce Maria Cardoso). Editorial La Umbría y la Solana — consulted on 3 October 2026
43The Return, by Dulce Maria Cardoso (translated by Ángel Gurría-Quintana). Hachette UK (MacLehose Press) — consulted on 3 October 2026
44O retorno / Dulce Maria Cardoso (Lisboa: Tinta-da-China, 2011) — registo bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
45Le retour: roman / Dulce Maria Cardoso; trad. Dominique Nédellec (Paris: Stock, 2013) — notice bibliographique. Bibliothèque nationale de France (catalogue général) — consulted on 3 October 2026
46El retorno / Dulce Maria Cardoso; traducción de Jerónimo Pizarro (Madrid: La Umbría y la Solana, 2018) — registro bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de España (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
47Paulo Cunha, Dossiê pedagógico n.º 6: As Armas e o Povo (Colectivo dos Trabalhadores da Actividade Cinematográfica). Plano Nacional de Cinema (Cinemateca Portuguesa, ICA, Direção-Geral da Educação) — consulted on 3 October 2026
48Cinemateca Júnior — sessão mediada de filmes: lista de filmes propostos. Cinemateca Portuguesa – Museu do Cinema, 2025 — consulted on 3 October 2026
49Francisco Valente, Dossiê pedagógico n.º 24: Capitães de Abril (Maria de Medeiros). Plano Nacional de Cinema (Cinemateca Portuguesa, ICA, Direção-Geral da Educação) — consulted on 3 October 2026
50Capitaines d'avril / Maria de Medeiros, réal. (Paris: Francetélévisions distribution, 2001; DVD) — notice bibliographique. Bibliothèque nationale de France (catalogue général) — consulted on 3 October 2026
51Capitanes de abril = Capitães de Abril / un film de Maria de Medeiros (Madrid: Columbia Tristar Home Video, D.L. 2001; VHS) — registro bibliográfico. Biblioteca Nacional de España (catálogo) — consulted on 3 October 2026
52Capitães de abril = April captains / um filme de Maria de Medeiros (Miami, FL: Synkronized USA, [2004]; DVD) — registo bibliográfico. Penn State University Libraries (catálogo) — consulted on 4 October 2026Edição em DVD distribuída nos Estados Unidos, em português com legendas em inglês, com o título paralelo «April captains».
53Ana Bela Morais, Dossiê pedagógico n.º 16: Cartas a uma Ditadura (Inês de Medeiros). Plano Nacional de Cinema (Cinemateca Portuguesa, ICA, Direção-Geral da Educação) — consulted on 3 October 2026
5448, de Susana de Sousa Dias (documentário, 93’, 2009). Kintop (produtora) — consulted on 3 October 2026
55Raquel Schefer, Dossiê pedagógico n.º 32: 48 (Susana de Sousa Dias). Plano Nacional de Cinema (Cinemateca Portuguesa, ICA, Direção-Geral da Educação) — consulted on 3 October 2026
56Catálogo de Filmes. Plano Nacional de Cinema — consulted on 3 October 2026
57Paulo Cunha, Dossiê pedagógico n.º 39: Linha Vermelha (José Filipe Costa). Plano Nacional de Cinema (Cinemateca Portuguesa, ICA, Direção-Geral da Educação) — consulted on 3 October 2026
58Série documental «A Guerra» estreia na RTP1. RTP Notícias (Lusa), 2007 — consulted on 3 October 2026
59Documentário completo de «A Guerra», de Joaquim Furtado, editado em DVD. RTP (media.rtp.pt), 2017 — consulted on 3 October 2026
60Os Últimos Dias da PIDE (série documental de Jacinto Godinho). RTP Play — consulted on 3 October 2026
61Luz Obscura, de Susana de Sousa Dias (documentário, 76’, 2017). Kintop (produtora) — consulted on 3 October 2026
62Luz Obscura (Documentários). RTP — consulted on 3 October 2026
63Mulheres na Resistência (minissérie documental de Edgar Feldman e Paulo Guerra). RTP Play — consulted on 3 October 2026
6412 de Outubro de 1972: O Dia em que Perdemos o Medo (documentário de Diana Andringa). RTP Play — consulted on 3 October 2026
65Exílios no Feminino (documentário de Edgar Feldman e Paulo Guerra). RTP Play — consulted on 3 October 2026
66Sobre o Museu. Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC) — consulted on 2 October 2026
67Exposição de longa duração. Museu do Aljube Resistência e Liberdade (EGEAC) — consulted on 2 October 2026
68Inauguração do Museu Nacional Resistência e Liberdade – Fortaleza de Peniche. Cultura Portugal (Ministério da Cultura) — consulted on 2 October 2026
69Missão. Museu Nacional Resistência e Liberdade (Peniche) — consulted on 3 October 2026
70Núcleo Museológico do Posto de Comando do Movimento das Forças Armadas (PCMFA). Câmara Municipal de Odivelas — consulted on 2 October 2026
71Museu (Museu da Guarda Nacional Republicana, Quartel do Carmo). Arquivo Histórico da Guarda Nacional Republicana — consulted on 3 October 2026
72Museu do Campo de Concentração do Tarrafal (Museu da Resistência). Instituto do Património Cultural (Cabo Verde) — consulted on 3 October 2026
73Museu do Neo-Realismo. Câmara Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira — consulted on 3 October 2026
74Sobre a Casa Comum. Casa Comum (Fundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso) — consulted on 3 October 2026
75Sobre o Arquivo. RTP Arquivos — consulted on 3 October 2026
76E.N.: a História e a Técnica (exposição temporária). Museu Virtual RTP — consulted on 4 October 2026«A 1 de agosto de 1935 iniciaram-se as emissões oficiais da EN e a 4 de Agosto de 1935 foi inaugurada solenemente»; a gravação de emissões foi «introduzida em 1936».
77Quem somos. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril (Universidade de Coimbra) — consulted on 3 October 2026
78Arquivo Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo – CD25A. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril (Universidade de Coimbra) — consulted on 3 October 2026
79Paulo Tremoceiro, Os instrumentos de recuperação do(s) Arquivo(s) da PIDE/DGS (apresentação, 26 de abril de 2016). Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo, 2016 — consulted on 3 October 2026
80Os Arquivos da PIDE/DGS e dos SCCI: memória, vigilância e investigação histórica. Arquivos DGLAB (Direção-Geral do Livro, dos Arquivos e das Bibliotecas), 2025 — consulted on 3 October 2026
81Memória Comum (página de entrada). memoriacomum.org — consulted on 3 October 2026
82Arquivo Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (página de entrada). Centro de Documentação e de Publicações da Fundação Cuidar o Futuro — consulted on 3 October 2026
83Arquivo de História Social (página de entrada). Arquivo de História Social, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa — consulted on 3 October 2026
84«As Três Marias foram absolvidas» / «Absolvição para as Novas Cartas Portuguesas» (Diário de Lisboa, 8 de maio de 1974). Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa – Livros que foram notícia — consulted on 2 October 2026O ficheiro da Hemeroteca chama-se «04Mai1974», mas a página diz que as «Novas Cartas Portuguesas» passaram «ontem» de tabu a «best-seller», e a absolvição foi a 7 de maio — é o número de 8 de maio.
85De Cravo ao Peito (podcast). RTP Antena 1 — consulted on 3 October 2026
86A luta armada antes do 25 de Abril («De Cravo ao Peito», 9 de março de 2023). RTP Antena 1, 2023 — consulted on 3 October 2026
87Liberdade para Contar (programa). RTP Antena 1 — consulted on 3 October 2026
88Liberdade para Contar (podcast). RTP Antena 1 — consulted on 3 October 2026

In English

The Three Marias: New Portuguese LettersMaria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa · 1975

A People's History of the Portuguese RevolutionRaquel Varela · 2019

Lisbon rising: Urban social movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–75Pedro Ramos Pinto · 2013

The Making of Portuguese DemocracyKenneth Maxwell · 1995

The Murmuring CoastLídia Jorge · 1995

The ReturnDulce Maria Cardoso · 2016

April CaptainsMaria de Medeiros · 2004

Books

As Mulheres do Meu PaísMaria Lamas · 1948–1950

The Three Marias: New Portuguese LettersMaria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa · 1975

A Força Ignorada das CompanheirasGina de Freitas · 1975

Mulheres Portuguesas na ResistênciaRose Nery Nobre de Melo · 1975

Salazar e o Poder: A Arte de Saber DurarFernando Rosas · 2012

A História da PIDEIrene Flunser Pimentel · 2007

A Cada Um o Seu Lugar: A Política Feminina do Estado NovoIrene Flunser Pimentel · 2011

Mulheres da ClandestinidadeVanessa de Almeida · 2017

25 de Abril: Mitos de uma RevoluçãoMaria Inácia Rezola · 2007

A People's History of the Portuguese RevolutionRaquel Varela · 2019

Lisbon rising: Urban social movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–75Pedro Ramos Pinto · 2013

C’est le peuple qui commande : la Révolution des Œillets, 1974-1976Victor Pereira · 2023

The Making of Portuguese DemocracyKenneth Maxwell · 1995

África no Feminino: As Mulheres Portuguesas e a Guerra ColonialMargarida Calafate Ribeiro · 2007

The Murmuring CoastLídia Jorge · 1995

The ReturnDulce Maria Cardoso · 2016

Films

As Armas e o PovoColectivo dos Trabalhadores da Actividade Cinematográfica · 1975

April CaptainsMaria de Medeiros · 2004

A Costa dos MurmúriosMargarida Cardoso · 2004

Cartas a uma DitaduraInês de Medeiros · 2006

48Susana de Sousa Dias · 2009

Linha VermelhaJosé Filipe Costa · 2011

A GuerraJoaquim Furtado · 2007

Os Últimos Dias da PIDEJacinto Godinho · 2014

Luz ObscuraSusana de Sousa Dias · 2017

Mulheres na ResistênciaEdgar Feldman, Paulo Guerra · 2020

12 de Outubro de 1972: O Dia em que Perdemos o MedoDiana Andringa · 2022

Exílios no FemininoEdgar Feldman, Paulo Guerra · 2022

Museums

Museu do Aljube – Resistência e LiberdadeEGEAC · 2015

Museu Nacional Resistência e Liberdade2024

Núcleo Museológico do Posto de Comando do Movimento das Forças ArmadasMunicípio de Odivelas e Regimento de Engenharia n.º 1 · 2001

Museu da Guarda Nacional RepublicanaGuarda Nacional Republicana · 2015

Museu do Campo de Concentração do Tarrafal (Museu da Resistência)Instituto do Património Cultural de Cabo Verde · 2000

Museu do Neo-RealismoCâmara Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira · 1990

Archives

Casa ComumFundação Mário Soares e Maria Barroso

RTP ArquivosRTP

Centro de Documentação 25 de AbrilUniversidade de Coimbra

Arquivo da PIDE/DGS (Torre do Tombo)Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo

Memória Comum

Arquivo Maria de Lourdes PintasilgoFundação Cuidar o Futuro

Arquivo de História SocialInstituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa

Hemeroteca DigitalHemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa

Listen

De Cravo ao PeitoMário Galego (RTP Antena 1)

Liberdade para ContarRTP Antena 1 · 2024